Michael Graetzel and Pierre Infelta
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4.25.2008
Cation ordering in synthetic and natural Ni-Mg olivine
David L. Bish
Department of Geological Sciences
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
Ordering of Ni into the Ml site of olivine should appreciably afect Ni partitioning beween olivine and melt, and activity-composition relations have been examined assuming deal solution behavior. Deviations from Raoult's law increase with increasing order, but varations in activity coefficients are less than l0 percent below l0 mole % Ni.
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Department of Geological Sciences
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
Ordering of Ni into the Ml site of olivine should appreciably afect Ni partitioning beween olivine and melt, and activity-composition relations have been examined assuming deal solution behavior. Deviations from Raoult's law increase with increasing order, but varations in activity coefficients are less than l0 percent below l0 mole % Ni.
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Design Considerations for Generating Ammonia from Urea for NOx Control with SCRs
Herbert W. Spencer III
EC&C Technologies, Inc., 26017 Huntington Lane suite B, Santa Clarita, CA 9135
H. James Peters
Hamon Research Cottrell, 52 East Main St., Somerville, NJ 08876
William Hankins
Wahlco, Inc., 3600 Segerstrom Ave., Santa Ana, Ca 92704
Dew Points without Fugacity
Dew points were also estimated more simply using Raoult’s Law without fugacity considerations.
The results of both are compared with water dew points in the following Figure 4. As would be
expected the dew points of the U2A product take gas are less than pure water. When we consider
fugacity to account for the interaction between water, ammonia and carbon dioxide, slightly higher
dew points are estimated.
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Dew points were also estimated more simply using Raoult’s Law without fugacity considerations.
The results of both are compared with water dew points in the following Figure 4. As would be
expected the dew points of the U2A product take gas are less than pure water. When we consider
fugacity to account for the interaction between water, ammonia and carbon dioxide, slightly higher
dew points are estimated.
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4.04.2008
Hess’ Law Heats of Reaction of KOH and HCl
Introduction
In this lab, potassium hydroxide will undergo several different exothermic reactions. In each
reaction a characteristic amount of heat is given off that can be quantified by measuring the change in temperature, DT. In order to measure the amount of heat produced a baseline temperature
will be established prior to the addition of KOH and then the temperature of the solution monitored as the reaction occurs. How will you determine the DT for each reaction?
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In this lab, potassium hydroxide will undergo several different exothermic reactions. In each
reaction a characteristic amount of heat is given off that can be quantified by measuring the change in temperature, DT. In order to measure the amount of heat produced a baseline temperature
will be established prior to the addition of KOH and then the temperature of the solution monitored as the reaction occurs. How will you determine the DT for each reaction?
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Thermochemistry : Hess’ Law
DISCUSSION
In this experiment, you will measure the enthalpy of neutralization for hydrochloric acid
both with aqueous sodium hydroxide and with solid sodium hydroxide. You will also measure
the enthalpy of solution when solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water. From the results
you will verify Hess' Law.
You will use two simple calorimeters, each one made from four plastic foam cups, and you
will also need two thermometers. Note the diagram below that illustrates a cross section of
the apparatus
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In this experiment, you will measure the enthalpy of neutralization for hydrochloric acid
both with aqueous sodium hydroxide and with solid sodium hydroxide. You will also measure
the enthalpy of solution when solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water. From the results
you will verify Hess' Law.
You will use two simple calorimeters, each one made from four plastic foam cups, and you
will also need two thermometers. Note the diagram below that illustrates a cross section of
the apparatus
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Thermochemistry : Virtual Hess’ Law
DISCUSSION
In this experiment, you will measure the enthalpy of neutralization for hydrochloric acid both with aqueous sodium hydroxide and with solid sodium hydroxide. You will also measure the enthalpy of solution when solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water. From the results
you will verify Hess' Law.
download full text
In this experiment, you will measure the enthalpy of neutralization for hydrochloric acid both with aqueous sodium hydroxide and with solid sodium hydroxide. You will also measure the enthalpy of solution when solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water. From the results
you will verify Hess' Law.
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The Use of Diesel Oil Treated with Inorganic Salt: An Alternative to Kerosene
Abdulfatai Jimoh
Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology
Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology
Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
Abstract
This paper investigates the effect(s) of inorganic salts (potash and alum) on diesel
oil and the suitability of the mixture as an alternative to kerosene. Samples of diesel oil
were treated with different proportions of potash and alum. The resulting mixture was
then subjected to different physicochemical property analysis. The properties tested for
included: volatility, sulfur contents, aniline point, smoke point, flash point, density,
kinematics viscosity and color. All the tests were carried out using the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The results obtained showed that the
treatment of diesel oil with alum and potash alter measured physicochemical properties
of diesel oil. Samples of diesel oil treated with potash showed a very little significant
change from properties of diesel oil, while that treated with alum produced higher
color and odor closer to that of kerosene. The overall analysis showed that the
properties of the diesel oil treated with both potash and alum do not have close values
compared to that of the kerosene, and it appeared to have serious technical limitations
to their use in domestic stores and lamps. Therefore, diesel oil treated with inorganic
salts is not suitable as an alternative to kerosene.
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New Developments in Magnet Insulation
Michael L. Tupper
New Insulation Developments
CTD’s experience with magnet insulation
Goals for new magnet insulation
– performance improvement
– cost savings
On-going development effort (SBIR’s)
– Wrappable inorganic insulation
– Low viscosity, radiation resistant resins
Future research concepts
– Nb Tn and A15
– HTS
– NbTi
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New Insulation Developments
CTD’s experience with magnet insulation
Goals for new magnet insulation
– performance improvement
– cost savings
On-going development effort (SBIR’s)
– Wrappable inorganic insulation
– Low viscosity, radiation resistant resins
Future research concepts
– Nb Tn and A15
– HTS
– NbTi
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How to choose the best dispersing agent for water borne colorants
To find the best dispersing agent is often very time consuming, but there are
some important questions to answer before starting, to find the quickest way.
- Is the pigment organic or inorganic?
- If it is inorganic, which charge do the particles have?
(particles used for paint applications are always positively charged,
if not, they are pre-treated to be positively charged)
- Is the color paste going to be used in both water borne and solvent borne
paints?
Concentration
First we have to find the required amount of the dispersing agent for the different pigments.
One way is to produce the paste and measure the viscosity of it, as a function of the added
dispersing agent.
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some important questions to answer before starting, to find the quickest way.
- Is the pigment organic or inorganic?
- If it is inorganic, which charge do the particles have?
(particles used for paint applications are always positively charged,
if not, they are pre-treated to be positively charged)
- Is the color paste going to be used in both water borne and solvent borne
paints?
Concentration
First we have to find the required amount of the dispersing agent for the different pigments.
One way is to produce the paste and measure the viscosity of it, as a function of the added
dispersing agent.
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UnsupportedSiO -based organic inorganic membranes
SandraDire,*a EvaPagani,aFlorenceBabonneau,b RiccardoCeccatoaandGiovanniCarturana
a Dipartimento di IngegneriadeiMateriali,UniversitadiTrento,v.Mesiano77,38050Trento,Italy
‘
ChimiedelaMatiereCondensee,Universite PierreetMarieCurie/CNRS,4,placeJussieu,Paris,France
Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) have been used to preparehybrid SiO2-based membranes. These self-supported materials were obtained from controlled polymerization reactions for various TEOS/MTES molar ratio sensuring the achievemen to fcrack-free disks 8 cm in diameter and 1040 mm in thickness.Therheological behaviour of precursor solutions was studied and gelling times were determined. The whole process, from starting solution to xerogel, was followed by FTIR spectroscopy, viscosity measurements and multi nuclears olid-state NMR, an disdiscussed in terms of the hydrolysis condensation kinetic softetrafunctionalandtrifunctionalsiliconalkoxides.Density,shrinkage,elasticmodulus(E),modulusofrupture(MOR)
andelongationatbreakwerealldeterminedandrelatedtopreferentialstructuralarrangementsofnetworksaccordingtothe
TEOS/MTESratio.
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a Dipartimento di IngegneriadeiMateriali,UniversitadiTrento,v.Mesiano77,38050Trento,Italy
‘
ChimiedelaMatiereCondensee,Universite PierreetMarieCurie/CNRS,4,placeJussieu,Paris,France
Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) have been used to preparehybrid SiO2-based membranes. These self-supported materials were obtained from controlled polymerization reactions for various TEOS/MTES molar ratio sensuring the achievemen to fcrack-free disks 8 cm in diameter and 1040 mm in thickness.Therheological behaviour of precursor solutions was studied and gelling times were determined. The whole process, from starting solution to xerogel, was followed by FTIR spectroscopy, viscosity measurements and multi nuclears olid-state NMR, an disdiscussed in terms of the hydrolysis condensation kinetic softetrafunctionalandtrifunctionalsiliconalkoxides.Density,shrinkage,elasticmodulus(E),modulusofrupture(MOR)
andelongationatbreakwerealldeterminedandrelatedtopreferentialstructuralarrangementsofnetworksaccordingtothe
TEOS/MTESratio.
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