Michael Graetzel and Pierre Infelta
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4.25.2008
Cation ordering in synthetic and natural Ni-Mg olivine
David L. Bish
Department of Geological Sciences
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
Ordering of Ni into the Ml site of olivine should appreciably afect Ni partitioning beween olivine and melt, and activity-composition relations have been examined assuming deal solution behavior. Deviations from Raoult's law increase with increasing order, but varations in activity coefficients are less than l0 percent below l0 mole % Ni.
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Department of Geological Sciences
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
Ordering of Ni into the Ml site of olivine should appreciably afect Ni partitioning beween olivine and melt, and activity-composition relations have been examined assuming deal solution behavior. Deviations from Raoult's law increase with increasing order, but varations in activity coefficients are less than l0 percent below l0 mole % Ni.
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Design Considerations for Generating Ammonia from Urea for NOx Control with SCRs
Herbert W. Spencer III
EC&C Technologies, Inc., 26017 Huntington Lane suite B, Santa Clarita, CA 9135
H. James Peters
Hamon Research Cottrell, 52 East Main St., Somerville, NJ 08876
William Hankins
Wahlco, Inc., 3600 Segerstrom Ave., Santa Ana, Ca 92704
Dew Points without Fugacity
Dew points were also estimated more simply using Raoult’s Law without fugacity considerations.
The results of both are compared with water dew points in the following Figure 4. As would be
expected the dew points of the U2A product take gas are less than pure water. When we consider
fugacity to account for the interaction between water, ammonia and carbon dioxide, slightly higher
dew points are estimated.
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Dew points were also estimated more simply using Raoult’s Law without fugacity considerations.
The results of both are compared with water dew points in the following Figure 4. As would be
expected the dew points of the U2A product take gas are less than pure water. When we consider
fugacity to account for the interaction between water, ammonia and carbon dioxide, slightly higher
dew points are estimated.
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4.04.2008
Hess’ Law Heats of Reaction of KOH and HCl
Introduction
In this lab, potassium hydroxide will undergo several different exothermic reactions. In each
reaction a characteristic amount of heat is given off that can be quantified by measuring the change in temperature, DT. In order to measure the amount of heat produced a baseline temperature
will be established prior to the addition of KOH and then the temperature of the solution monitored as the reaction occurs. How will you determine the DT for each reaction?
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In this lab, potassium hydroxide will undergo several different exothermic reactions. In each
reaction a characteristic amount of heat is given off that can be quantified by measuring the change in temperature, DT. In order to measure the amount of heat produced a baseline temperature
will be established prior to the addition of KOH and then the temperature of the solution monitored as the reaction occurs. How will you determine the DT for each reaction?
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Thermochemistry : Hess’ Law
DISCUSSION
In this experiment, you will measure the enthalpy of neutralization for hydrochloric acid
both with aqueous sodium hydroxide and with solid sodium hydroxide. You will also measure
the enthalpy of solution when solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water. From the results
you will verify Hess' Law.
You will use two simple calorimeters, each one made from four plastic foam cups, and you
will also need two thermometers. Note the diagram below that illustrates a cross section of
the apparatus
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In this experiment, you will measure the enthalpy of neutralization for hydrochloric acid
both with aqueous sodium hydroxide and with solid sodium hydroxide. You will also measure
the enthalpy of solution when solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water. From the results
you will verify Hess' Law.
You will use two simple calorimeters, each one made from four plastic foam cups, and you
will also need two thermometers. Note the diagram below that illustrates a cross section of
the apparatus
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Thermochemistry : Virtual Hess’ Law
DISCUSSION
In this experiment, you will measure the enthalpy of neutralization for hydrochloric acid both with aqueous sodium hydroxide and with solid sodium hydroxide. You will also measure the enthalpy of solution when solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water. From the results
you will verify Hess' Law.
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In this experiment, you will measure the enthalpy of neutralization for hydrochloric acid both with aqueous sodium hydroxide and with solid sodium hydroxide. You will also measure the enthalpy of solution when solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water. From the results
you will verify Hess' Law.
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The Use of Diesel Oil Treated with Inorganic Salt: An Alternative to Kerosene
Abdulfatai Jimoh
Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology
Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology
Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
Abstract
This paper investigates the effect(s) of inorganic salts (potash and alum) on diesel
oil and the suitability of the mixture as an alternative to kerosene. Samples of diesel oil
were treated with different proportions of potash and alum. The resulting mixture was
then subjected to different physicochemical property analysis. The properties tested for
included: volatility, sulfur contents, aniline point, smoke point, flash point, density,
kinematics viscosity and color. All the tests were carried out using the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The results obtained showed that the
treatment of diesel oil with alum and potash alter measured physicochemical properties
of diesel oil. Samples of diesel oil treated with potash showed a very little significant
change from properties of diesel oil, while that treated with alum produced higher
color and odor closer to that of kerosene. The overall analysis showed that the
properties of the diesel oil treated with both potash and alum do not have close values
compared to that of the kerosene, and it appeared to have serious technical limitations
to their use in domestic stores and lamps. Therefore, diesel oil treated with inorganic
salts is not suitable as an alternative to kerosene.
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New Developments in Magnet Insulation
Michael L. Tupper
New Insulation Developments
CTD’s experience with magnet insulation
Goals for new magnet insulation
– performance improvement
– cost savings
On-going development effort (SBIR’s)
– Wrappable inorganic insulation
– Low viscosity, radiation resistant resins
Future research concepts
– Nb Tn and A15
– HTS
– NbTi
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New Insulation Developments
CTD’s experience with magnet insulation
Goals for new magnet insulation
– performance improvement
– cost savings
On-going development effort (SBIR’s)
– Wrappable inorganic insulation
– Low viscosity, radiation resistant resins
Future research concepts
– Nb Tn and A15
– HTS
– NbTi
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How to choose the best dispersing agent for water borne colorants
To find the best dispersing agent is often very time consuming, but there are
some important questions to answer before starting, to find the quickest way.
- Is the pigment organic or inorganic?
- If it is inorganic, which charge do the particles have?
(particles used for paint applications are always positively charged,
if not, they are pre-treated to be positively charged)
- Is the color paste going to be used in both water borne and solvent borne
paints?
Concentration
First we have to find the required amount of the dispersing agent for the different pigments.
One way is to produce the paste and measure the viscosity of it, as a function of the added
dispersing agent.
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some important questions to answer before starting, to find the quickest way.
- Is the pigment organic or inorganic?
- If it is inorganic, which charge do the particles have?
(particles used for paint applications are always positively charged,
if not, they are pre-treated to be positively charged)
- Is the color paste going to be used in both water borne and solvent borne
paints?
Concentration
First we have to find the required amount of the dispersing agent for the different pigments.
One way is to produce the paste and measure the viscosity of it, as a function of the added
dispersing agent.
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UnsupportedSiO -based organic inorganic membranes
SandraDire,*a EvaPagani,aFlorenceBabonneau,b RiccardoCeccatoaandGiovanniCarturana
a Dipartimento di IngegneriadeiMateriali,UniversitadiTrento,v.Mesiano77,38050Trento,Italy
‘
ChimiedelaMatiereCondensee,Universite PierreetMarieCurie/CNRS,4,placeJussieu,Paris,France
Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) have been used to preparehybrid SiO2-based membranes. These self-supported materials were obtained from controlled polymerization reactions for various TEOS/MTES molar ratio sensuring the achievemen to fcrack-free disks 8 cm in diameter and 1040 mm in thickness.Therheological behaviour of precursor solutions was studied and gelling times were determined. The whole process, from starting solution to xerogel, was followed by FTIR spectroscopy, viscosity measurements and multi nuclears olid-state NMR, an disdiscussed in terms of the hydrolysis condensation kinetic softetrafunctionalandtrifunctionalsiliconalkoxides.Density,shrinkage,elasticmodulus(E),modulusofrupture(MOR)
andelongationatbreakwerealldeterminedandrelatedtopreferentialstructuralarrangementsofnetworksaccordingtothe
TEOS/MTESratio.
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a Dipartimento di IngegneriadeiMateriali,UniversitadiTrento,v.Mesiano77,38050Trento,Italy
‘
ChimiedelaMatiereCondensee,Universite PierreetMarieCurie/CNRS,4,placeJussieu,Paris,France
Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) have been used to preparehybrid SiO2-based membranes. These self-supported materials were obtained from controlled polymerization reactions for various TEOS/MTES molar ratio sensuring the achievemen to fcrack-free disks 8 cm in diameter and 1040 mm in thickness.Therheological behaviour of precursor solutions was studied and gelling times were determined. The whole process, from starting solution to xerogel, was followed by FTIR spectroscopy, viscosity measurements and multi nuclears olid-state NMR, an disdiscussed in terms of the hydrolysis condensation kinetic softetrafunctionalandtrifunctionalsiliconalkoxides.Density,shrinkage,elasticmodulus(E),modulusofrupture(MOR)
andelongationatbreakwerealldeterminedandrelatedtopreferentialstructuralarrangementsofnetworksaccordingtothe
TEOS/MTESratio.
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A Glance at Clean Freight Strategies: Low-Viscosity Lubricants
Synthetic engine and drive train lubricants can improve fuel economy by about three percent, saving nearly 500 gallons of fuel and eliminating five metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions for a typical combination truck each year.
Lubricants reduce friction and wear of critical vehicle systems including the engine, transmission and drive train. Without lubricants, the moving parts inside these systems would grind together causing heat, stress and wear. Conventional mineral oil lubricants may have too high viscosity (internal friction that resists sliding and inhibits flow) to effectively slip between and lubricate the moving parts of these systems, particularly in newer truck components that are designed with close tolerances and tight fits. Conventional lubricants may also be heavy, making it harder for pumps, gears and shafts to move. These effects create energy losses and friction losses, and
waste fuel.
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Lubricants reduce friction and wear of critical vehicle systems including the engine, transmission and drive train. Without lubricants, the moving parts inside these systems would grind together causing heat, stress and wear. Conventional mineral oil lubricants may have too high viscosity (internal friction that resists sliding and inhibits flow) to effectively slip between and lubricate the moving parts of these systems, particularly in newer truck components that are designed with close tolerances and tight fits. Conventional lubricants may also be heavy, making it harder for pumps, gears and shafts to move. These effects create energy losses and friction losses, and
waste fuel.
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THERMOTROPIC INORGANIC AND POLYMER GEL TO ENHANCE OIL RECOVERY
Cand.Sc. Ida A. Savinova, Scientific Secretary
Institute of Petroleum Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
3, Akademichesky Prosp., Tomsk, 634021, Russia
Description
New technologies have been developed to enhance oil recovery using thermotropic inorganic
and polymer gel-forming systems (GALKA, METKA, ROMKA), which are low-viscosity
solutions under surface conditions and are capable of generating gels in-situ. The systems
produce deflecting shields in reservoirs to control filtration flows, thus increasing oil recovery
and decreasing water cut in production wells.
Gelation occurs under the action of the thermal energy of the reservoir or the injected heat
carrier. The gelation time can be varied from several minutes to several days in the temperature range of 20-300 C. The gelation time depends on the temperature and component
ratio of the gel-forming system. The gelation process reduces the reservoir rock permeability
to water by a factor of 4-35. The higher the initial water saturation and the reservoir rock
permeability, the larger the permeability reduction.
The safety of the reactants for man and the environment enables a wide application of the gel
technologies in Russia’s oil fields, especially at a later stage of their development.
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Institute of Petroleum Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
3, Akademichesky Prosp., Tomsk, 634021, Russia
Description
New technologies have been developed to enhance oil recovery using thermotropic inorganic
and polymer gel-forming systems (GALKA, METKA, ROMKA), which are low-viscosity
solutions under surface conditions and are capable of generating gels in-situ. The systems
produce deflecting shields in reservoirs to control filtration flows, thus increasing oil recovery
and decreasing water cut in production wells.
Gelation occurs under the action of the thermal energy of the reservoir or the injected heat
carrier. The gelation time can be varied from several minutes to several days in the temperature range of 20-300 C. The gelation time depends on the temperature and component
ratio of the gel-forming system. The gelation process reduces the reservoir rock permeability
to water by a factor of 4-35. The higher the initial water saturation and the reservoir rock
permeability, the larger the permeability reduction.
The safety of the reactants for man and the environment enables a wide application of the gel
technologies in Russia’s oil fields, especially at a later stage of their development.
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THE STRUCTURE OF PROTOPLASM AND OF GELS: AN ANALOGY.
BY WILLIAM SEIFRIZ.
{Botanical Laboratory, The University, Ann Arbor, Michigan.)
{Botanical Laboratory, The University, Ann Arbor, Michigan.)
Scahlek and Szegvary, and Svedberg, have recently
described remarkable instances of sudden liquefaction of
inorganic colloidal gels which have a striking analogy in the
collapse of the gel structure of the protoplasm of a dividing
echinoderm egg when the latter is subjected to mechanical
pressure. It is the purpose of this paper to call attention to
this analogy.
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described remarkable instances of sudden liquefaction of
inorganic colloidal gels which have a striking analogy in the
collapse of the gel structure of the protoplasm of a dividing
echinoderm egg when the latter is subjected to mechanical
pressure. It is the purpose of this paper to call attention to
this analogy.
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Models of Mantle Viscosity
by Scott D. King
The viscosity of the mantle is one of the most important,
and least understood material properties of the Elarth.
Plate velocities, deep-earthquake source mechanisms, the
stress distribution in subduction zones, and estimates of
geochemical mixing time scales are all strongly affected
by the pattern of convective flow which. in turn, is
strongly influenced by the viscosity structure of the
mantle. There are two approaches to understanding the
viscosity structure of the E&h: using observations such as
the geoid and post-glacial uplift, combined with flow
models; or studying the physical deformation properties of
mantle minerals in the laboratory. Both approaches have
advantages and drawbacks.
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The viscosity of the mantle is one of the most important,
and least understood material properties of the Elarth.
Plate velocities, deep-earthquake source mechanisms, the
stress distribution in subduction zones, and estimates of
geochemical mixing time scales are all strongly affected
by the pattern of convective flow which. in turn, is
strongly influenced by the viscosity structure of the
mantle. There are two approaches to understanding the
viscosity structure of the E&h: using observations such as
the geoid and post-glacial uplift, combined with flow
models; or studying the physical deformation properties of
mantle minerals in the laboratory. Both approaches have
advantages and drawbacks.
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Zirconium Viscosity
jkfink@anl.gov
The viscosity of Zircaloy-2 was measured by Bunnell and Prater [2] as a function of temperature from 2075 to 2175 K. They found that, in this temperature range, the viscosity of Zircaloy-2 is a
constant equal to 15 mPa # s. Bunnel and Prater comment that the different viscosities obtained for zirconium and Zircaloy-2 may be due either to differences in viscosity of Zircaloy-2 and zirconium or to impurity effects introduced by the crucible used in the measurements. Yelvutin et al. used a graphite crucible whereas Bunnell and Prater used a less reactive thoria crucible. At high
temperatures, zirconium reacts with graphite to form ZrC. No data are available on the post-test
analysis of the solidified liquid from the viscosity measurements of Yelvutin et al. Thus, it is possible that their reported viscosity is that of a liquid mixture of ZrC + Zr or of zirconium with
carbon in solution, not pure zirconium.
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The viscosity of Zircaloy-2 was measured by Bunnell and Prater [2] as a function of temperature from 2075 to 2175 K. They found that, in this temperature range, the viscosity of Zircaloy-2 is a
constant equal to 15 mPa # s. Bunnel and Prater comment that the different viscosities obtained for zirconium and Zircaloy-2 may be due either to differences in viscosity of Zircaloy-2 and zirconium or to impurity effects introduced by the crucible used in the measurements. Yelvutin et al. used a graphite crucible whereas Bunnell and Prater used a less reactive thoria crucible. At high
temperatures, zirconium reacts with graphite to form ZrC. No data are available on the post-test
analysis of the solidified liquid from the viscosity measurements of Yelvutin et al. Thus, it is possible that their reported viscosity is that of a liquid mixture of ZrC + Zr or of zirconium with
carbon in solution, not pure zirconium.
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Dielectric Materials
Dielectric Materials
are either organic (polymers) or inorganic (SiO )2 choice of material directly impacts performance since signal propagation speed is directly proportional to permittivity of the dielectric, and characteristic impedance is determined by the dielectric thicknessdownload pdf
4.03.2008
Microcalorimetry: Metal adsorption on single crystalline metal oxide surface
Cheol-Woo Yi
Advisor: Dr. D. Wayne Goodman
Advisor: Dr. D. Wayne Goodman
Metal/oxide interfaces are used in a number of technologically important applications, for example, in oxide-supported metal catalysts and microelectronics. In catalysis, the choice of metal and oxide support is critical to obtain a desired reactivity and selectivity. This is due in part to the inherent reactivity of the two components. Also, the metal particle size and shape, which depend on the choice of oxide, can influence the catalytic activity dramatically. One of the parameters that determine the morphology of the particles is the strength of the interaction of the metal with the oxide substrate [1].
download full text4.02.2008
Biosorption of metals from contaminated water using seaweed
V. Vinoj Kumar* and P. Kaladharan
Fishery Environment Management Division, Central Marine Fisheries
Research Institute, Cochin 682 018, India
Heavy metals are major pollutants in marine, lake and
groundwaters as well as in industrial and even treated
effluents. Biosorption, an inexpensive and reliable method
to remove cadmium and lead ions from solution using
dry seaweed biomass as adsorbents, was investigated.
Sargassum wightii exhibited maximum metal uptake
at pH 4–5 and the value ranged from 18% to 29% of
dry biomass. The kinetics of metal adsorption was fast
with 70–80% taking place within 30 min. Based on these
results, a biobattery involving perforated columns
packed with pulverized dry biomass of S. wightii was
designed, which could remove metals in the range of
50–97% from a multi-metal ion solution within two
and a half hours. The mechanism of metal sorption by
seaweeds and the advantages of the present design of
seaweed columns are discussed in the light of ecofriendly
and cost-effective approach for effluent treatment.
Keywords: Biobattery, biosorption, effluent treatment,
heavy metals, Sargassum wightii.
HEAVY metals can be extremely toxic as...
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Fishery Environment Management Division, Central Marine Fisheries
Research Institute, Cochin 682 018, India
Heavy metals are major pollutants in marine, lake and
groundwaters as well as in industrial and even treated
effluents. Biosorption, an inexpensive and reliable method
to remove cadmium and lead ions from solution using
dry seaweed biomass as adsorbents, was investigated.
Sargassum wightii exhibited maximum metal uptake
at pH 4–5 and the value ranged from 18% to 29% of
dry biomass. The kinetics of metal adsorption was fast
with 70–80% taking place within 30 min. Based on these
results, a biobattery involving perforated columns
packed with pulverized dry biomass of S. wightii was
designed, which could remove metals in the range of
50–97% from a multi-metal ion solution within two
and a half hours. The mechanism of metal sorption by
seaweeds and the advantages of the present design of
seaweed columns are discussed in the light of ecofriendly
and cost-effective approach for effluent treatment.
Keywords: Biobattery, biosorption, effluent treatment,
heavy metals, Sargassum wightii.
HEAVY metals can be extremely toxic as...
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